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Evacuation modeling
Car Parks
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66,390 m² Car Park in Salwa mall
Mesh sensitivity study
- One of the most important parameters in the CFD analysis is determining the most appropriate cell size.
- A common question asked by new FDS users is, “What should my grid spacing be?” The answer is not easy because it depends considerably on what you are trying to accomplish.
- In general, you should build an FDS input file using a relatively coarse mesh, and then gradually refine the mesh until you do not see appreciable differences in your results. This is referred to as a mesh sensitivity stud.
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2,500 m² Car Park in a 5-star hotel
Output results
- Animated 2D shaded color contour plots are used to visualize gas phase information, such as temperature or density.
- The contour plots are drawn in horizontal or vertical planes along any coordinate direction. Contours can also be drawn in shades of gray. Shaded contours may also be used to visualize information computed on solid objects.
- These contours are known as boundary files. Animated 2D shaded color contour plots are also used to visualize solid phase quantities such as radiative flux or heat release rate per unit area
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Floresta Gardens Tower Car Park
Expanding the model for special projects
- When all floors are interfering since each floor is inclined to act as a ramp connecting floors. Consequently, the building is modeled as a whole, and all floors are modeled together with the actual floor and ceiling inclinations.
Since each floor is not vertically compartmented, the whole building is considered as one fire zone. - All the obstructions that may affect the smoke propagation are modeled as a realistic approach, these obstructions are walls, columns, and cars…etc.
- The results show the visibility contours at section view crossing all floors, the intent of these figures is to examine whether a fire in basement floor would impair the tenable conditions in the upper floors. Only minor areas are affected which does not affect the tenable conditions, and all other areas are clear of smoke, except for the lower basement floor that is considered part of the basement floor as the difference in finish floor level elevation is only 0.5m between the two floors.
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Automatic parking system
Detailed analysis for special projects
- The stacker system in the car park allows for two cars to be parked above each other.
- This configuration will most probably shield the lower side car from the distributed sprinklers at high level.
- This shielding presents an extra hazard for the car park and puts the fire capacity in question whether 4 MW for a single car on fire or 8 MW for two cars on fire.
- Consequently, this analysis discusses the expected fire capacity, the time after which another car will be on fire and the sprinklers effect on fire performance.
Atriums
Atrium in Covered Mall
Atrium
A typical atrium smoke management setup is divided into characteristic flow regions; axisymmetric plume, ceiling jet/approach flow, rotation region and spill plume.
A grid convergence study is conducted on each of the flow regions in order to determine the non-dimensional grid resolution required to obtain a grid independent solution.
Metro Stations
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Metro Stations
- Railway stations are always a challenging application, a design fire that may reach 10 MWs in a confined space that hosts enormous number of occupants who are not much familiar with the building.
- These parameters affect greatly the smoke propagation inside the station and hence affect the tenable conditions during the evacuation process from the station.
Evacuation modeling
Mega mall—full evacuation
- Evacuation modeling is performed to determine the Required Safe Egress Time (RSET) in complex buildings where the actual evacuation procedures can not be estimated using hand calculations.
- This RSET is then compared with the Available Safe Egress Time (ASET) which is the output of the smoke CFD analysis for different fire scenarios.
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44 floors high rise building
- Different types of occupancies have different pre-movement times and, in some cases, different movement procedures.
- Additional safety factor is applied (usually 1.5xRSET) to determine the overall evacuation time.